The power of the Analytic Network Process (ANP) lies
in its use of ratio scales to capture all kinds of interactions and make
accurate predictions, and, even further, to make better decisions. So far, it has proven itself to be a success
when expert knowledge was used with it to predict sports outcomes, economic
turns, business, social and political events.
The ANP is the first mathematical theory that makes it
possible for us to deal systematically with all kinds of dependence and
feedback. The reason for its success is
the way it elicits judgments and uses measurement to derive ratio scales. Priorities as ratio scales are a fundamental
kind of number amenable to performing the basic arithmetic operations of adding
within the same scale and multiplying different scales meaningfully as required
by the ANP.
The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a new theory
that extends the AHP to cases of dependence and feedback and generalizes on the
supermatrix approach introduced in Thomas Saaty’s 1980 book on the Analytic
Hierarchy Process. It allows interactions and feedback within clusters (inner
dependence) and between clusters (outer dependence). Feedback can better
capture the complex effects of interplay in human society. The ANP provides a
thorough framework to include clusters of elements connected in any desired way
to investigate the process of deriving ratio scales priorities from the distribution
of influence among elements and among clusters. The AHP becomes a special case
of the ANP. Although many decision problems are best studied through the ANP,
it is not true that forcing an ANP model always yields better results than
using the hierarchies of the AHP. There are examples to justify the use of
both. We have yet to learn when the shortcut of the hierarchy is justified, not
simply on grounds of expediency and efficiency, but also for reasons of
validity of the outcome.
The ANP is implemented in the software SuperDecisions and has been applied to various
problems both to deal with decisions and to illustrate the uses of the new
theory. The ANP is a coupling of two parts. The first consists of a control
hierarchy or network of criteria and subcriteria that control the interactions
in the system under study. The second is a network of influences among the
elements and clusters. The network varies from criterion to criterion and a
supermatrix of limiting influence is computed for each control criterion.
Finally, each of these supermatrices is weighted by the priority of its control
criterion and the results are synthesized through addition for all the control
criteria.
In addition, a problem is often studied through a
control hierarchy or system of benefits, a second for costs, a third for
opportunities, and a fourth for risks. The synthesized results of the four
control systems are combined by taking the quotient of the benefits times the
opportunities to the costs times the risks to determine the best outcome. Other
formulas may be employed at times to combine results. Here is a rough outline of the steps of the
ANP followed by two lists of concepts of both the AHP and the ANP.
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